2 Kings 15 & 16: Written In The Book
Verse of the Day: (15:36) Now the rest of the acts of Jotham, and all that he did, are they not written in the book of the chronicles of the kings of Judah?
1. Women (15:1-31)
Then Menahem smote Tiphsah, and all that were therein, and the coasts thereof from Tirzah: because they opened not to him, therefore he smote it; and all the women therein that were with child he ripped up. (15:16)
Throughout man’s history, God’s principle of sowing and reaping prevails even until today. When Shallum conspired and killed King Zachariah of Israel, he too was subsequently killed by Menahem from Tirzah. Menahem even ordered the killing of all including pregnant women who opposed him. During the time of wicked King Jeroboam of Israel, King Azariah, the son of Amaziah, of Judah, was righteous before God. However, even righteous Azariah reaped the consequences of his sins when he allowed Judah to worship idols. God afflicted him with leprosy until his death. Indeed, God shows no favouritism, and the only way to please Him is to trust and obey Him. (Galatians 6:7-8)
2. Written (15:32-38)
In those days the LORD began to send against Judah Rezin the king of Syria, and Pekah the son of Remaliah. (15:37)
King Jotham of Judah, succeeded his father, Azariah or Uzziah, and he was righteous before God. However, like his father, he allowed Judah to worship idols, and God then judged him for his sins. God knows the works of His people and through the Holy Spirit, He inspired His men to record the works of His people so that today we have His book, the Bible, to learn how to live righteously in this wicked world. Another of God’s books is the book of life which He writes the names of all who believe in Him, and in which He promises us that we shall have a heaven to gain and a hell to shun. (Revelation 20:12-15)
3. Walk (16:1-20)
But he walked in the way of the kings of Israel, yea, and made his son to pass through the fire, according to the abominations of the heathen, whom the LORD cast out from before the children of Israel. (16:3)
King Ahaz, the son of Jotham, of Judah, walked in the ways of all the wicked kings of Israel, and even sacrificed his son as an offering to the idols just like the unbelievers of this world. God then punished him as He sent King Rezin of Syria to besiege Judah. Ahaz then gave King Tiglath-pileser of Assyria silver and gold, and sought him to help Judah. King Tiglath-pileser consented, and defeated Syria, and killed Rezin. However, God punished Ahaz, because he did not seek Him. Indeed, let us seek God and not man, and walk in His Spirit and not our flesh, so as to receive eternal life and peace. (Romans 8:1-6)
Prayer of the Day:
Dearest God, thank You that my name is in Your Book because I believe in You.
2 Kings 13 & 14: A Saviour
Verse of the Day: (13:5) (And the LORD gave Israel a saviour, so that they went out from under the hand of the Syrians: and the children of Israel dwelt in their tents, as beforetime.
1. Saviour (13:1-25)
Nevertheless they departed not from the sins of the house of Jeroboam, who made Israel sin, but walked therein: and there remained the grove also in Samaria.) (13:6)
Though all the 19 kings of Israel sinned against God, yet He was merciful towards them as many times He delivered them from their enemies. However, there shall also be times when God allowed Israel’s enemies to defeat them, so that they would repent of their sins and turned to Him. King Jehoahaz of Israel sinned against God, and again God answered him, and sent him a saviour to deliver Israel from the Syrians. Prophet Elisha was now old and sickly, and before God promoted him to heaven, he told King Joash of Israel, who succeeded Jehoahaz, his father, to shoot as many arrows as possible out of the window that was opened eastward. However, Joash only shot thrice, and thus there would only be thrice that Israel defeated Syria. When Elisha died and was buried in a grave, a dead man miraculously revived when his body touched Elisha’s bones. Indeed, Elisha was a type of Jesus, our Saviour, who gave His life a ransom for many. (Mark 10:45)
2. Son (14:1-22)
And Jehoash the king of Israel sent to Amaziah king of Judah, saying, The thistle that was in Lebanon sent to the cedar that was in Lebanon, saying, Give thy daughter to my son to wife: and there passed by a wild beast that was in Lebanon, and trode down the thistle. (14:9)
After the victory over Edom, King Amaziah of Judah thought that he could defeat King Jehoash of Israel though the latter had a more powerful army. Subsequently Israel won the battle, and took all the treasures and hostages to Samaria. Jehoash had correctly predicted the victory as he had used an analogy of the thistle or Amaziah, who had asked the cedar or Jehoash, to give his daughter to his son to wife, and subsequently, a wild beast or Israel would destroy the thistle. Subsequently, Amaziah was killed, and his son, Azariah, became the King of Judah. Though Amaziah was a good king, yet pride caused his downfall. Indeed, let us humble ourselves before the Almighty God. (James 4:6-10)
3. Sin (14:23-29)
And he did that which was evil in the sight of the LORD: he departed not from all the sins of Jeroboam the son of Nebat, who made Israel to sin. (14:24)
Though Jeroboam, the son of Joash, became the King of Israel, and again sinned against God, yet God still preserves Israel, because of His promise to Abraham that Israel shall be a great nation. Indeed, let us trust God’s promises for they never fail. (Genesis 12:1-3)
Prayer of the Day:
Dearest God, thank You for sending Your Saviour and Son, Jesus, to die for my sins.
2 Kings 11 & 12: Will You Rejoice?
Verse of the Day: (11:20) And all the people of the land rejoiced, and the city was in quiet: and they slew Athaliah with the sword beside the king’s house.
1. Royal (11:1-3)
And when Athaliah the mother of Ahaziah saw that her son was dead, she arose and destroyed all the seed royal. (11:1)
Since the beginning, God created archangel, Lucifer, who fell into sins because of pride. After the fall, Lucifer was called the devil as he seeks to destroy God’s plan including deceiving Adam and Eve, God’s first couple, to fall into sins. (Isaiah 14:12-15) However, God already has a redemption plan as He sent His Son, Jesus Christ, to die for the sins of the world so that whoever believes in Him shall never spiritually die. Before Jesus’ birth, the devil, seek to exterminate all the Jews as Jesus shall come from the Jewish race, in particular the line of David. Now Queen Athaliah almost destroyed all her royal grandchildren or children of her dead son, King Ahaziah of Judah (who was killed by Jehu’s men) as she wanted to remain in power as the queen of Judah even without the King. (2 Kings 9:27) However, God persevered the line of David as Joash, one of her royal children survived the massacre, as Jehosheba, the daughter of King Joram of Israel, hid him in God’s house. Indeed, God shall protect His royal children. (Romans 8:14-18)
2. Rejoice (11:4-21)
And when she looked, behold, the king stood by a pillar, as the manner was, and the princes and the trumpeters by the king, and all the people of the land rejoiced, and blew the trumpets: and Athaliah rent her clothes, and cried, Treason, Treason. (11:14)
God used Jehoiada, the priest, to organise a campaign against Athaliah as he gathered the leaders to install Joash as the King. Athaliah then called them traitors, and subsequently they killed her. The people rejoiced as Jehoiada made a covenant between God and them and King Joash that they shall only worship the true God and destroy the house of Baal and all their idols. Indeed, let us rejoice in God as He is good all the time (Philippians 4:4)
3. Repair (12:1-21)
But they gave that to the workmen, and repaired therewith the house of the LORD. (12:14)
Though the people gave their money for the repair of God’s house, yet they failed to repair it. God again used Jehoiada, and this time, he prepared a chest to collect the money, and His house was finally repaired. Though Joash was a good king, yet his servants conspired and killed him. Again, God preserved the line of David, as Amaziah, Joash’s son, became the next King of Judah. Indeed, let us trust God in everything. (Romans 8:28)
Prayer of the Day:
Dearest God, please help me to always rejoice in You in good as well as bad time.
2 Kings 9 & 10: Is It Peace?
Verse of the Day: (9:22) And it came to pass, when Joram saw Jehu, that he said, Is it peace, Jehu? And he answered, What peace, so long as the whoredoms of thy mother Jezebel and her witchcrafts are so many?
1. Prophet (9:1-15)
And Elisha the prophet called one of the children of the prophets, and said unto him, Gird up thy loins, and take this box of oil in thine hand, and go to Ramothgilead: (9:1)
God through Prophet Elisha commanded one of his young prophets to go to Ramothgilead to anoint Jehu the son of Jehoshaphat to be the next king of Israel who shall then destroy King Joram of Israel and all who were related to the wicked King Ahab and his wife, Jezebel. Indeed, there is no escape from God’s judgment. (Galatians 6:7-8)
2. Peace (9:16-37)
And there stood a watchman on the tower in Jezreel, and he spied the company of Jehu as he came, and said, I see a company. And Joram said, Take an horseman, and send to meet them, and let him say, Is it peace? (9:17)
Not only Jehu killed King Joram, he also killed King Ahaziah of Judah as both of them faced off with him after they had thought that he would make peace with them. Never did Joram and Ahaziah thought that Jehu would have the audacity to attack and kill both of them. Jehu then faced off with Jezebel, and it was her eunuchs who betrayed her, as they caught and threw her down the palace. Jehu with his fast chariot then trod her under foot, and dogs were seen eating her corpse even before she could be buried, and all these were in fulfilment of God’s prophecy as prophesied by Prophet Elijah. Indeed, let us flee from wickedness, and have peace with God through our Lord Jesus Christ. (Romans 5:1-2)
3. Priests (10:1-36)
So Jehu slew all that remained of the house of Ahab in Jezreel, and all his great men, and his kinsfolks, and his priests, until he left him none remaining. (10:11)
Jehu continued his judgement upon Ahab and his descendants as he wrote letters to the rulers of Jezreel who were responsible for raising Ahab’s 70 sons to challenge them to fight against him. However, they were fearful of Jehu as they already knew that he had killed both the kings of Israel and Judah. Jehu then wrote the second time ordering them that if they were for him, then they must kill Ahab’s sons to pledge allegiance with him. The rulers then killed all of Ahab’s 70 sons. Jehu also proceeded to kill all who were related to Ahab including his priests. Though Jehu obeyed God in destroying Ahab and his descendants, yet he did not fully trust and obey God with his heart. Indeed, let us trust and obey God with our hearts as He shall judge and destroy all the ungodly. (Jude 14-16)
Prayer of the Day:
Dearest God, thank You that there is peace in my heart as I fully trust and obey You.
2 Kings 7 & 8: Always A Light
Verse of the Day: (8:19) Yet the LORD would not destroy Judah for David his servant’s sake, as he promised him to give him alway a light, and to his children.
1. Lepers (7:1-20)
And when these lepers came to the uttermost part of the camp, they went into one tent, and did eat and drink, and carried thence silver, and gold, and raiment, and went and hid it; and came again, and entered into another tent, and carried thence also, and went and hid it. (7:8)
One of the king’s adviser had mocked at Prophet Elisha’s prophecy when he prophesised that God shall supply their needs amid the famine because the Syrians had besieged their city. Indeed God supplied their needs when 4 lepers after much debate as to whether they would die in the besieged city or in the camp of the Syrians, finally went to the Syrians, and to their shock, found out that there was no one in the camp. God had made them flee as He made a loud noise as if a great army like the Hittites or the Egyptians that Israel had hired to attack them. The lepers then took the valuable stuff and return to Israel and told the king of the news. The king confirmed it and there was a stampede as Israel rushed to the camp, and amid the stampede, the king’s adviser, who had mocked at Elisha’s prophecy, was killed. Indeed, let us trust God for all our needs. (Philippians 4:19)
2. Life (8:1-15)
Then spake Elisha unto the woman, whose son he had restored to life, saying, Arise, and go thou and thine household, and sojourn wheresoever thou canst sojourn: for the LORD hath called for a famine; and it shall also come upon the land seven years. (8:1)
God through Elisha made the king of Israel restored to a woman, whose dead son Elisha had restored to life, all her land in Israel, after she obeyed Elisha, and stayed in Philistines for 7 years to avoid the famine. Elisha then prophesied to Hazael, that he shall succeed his master, Benhadad, King of Syria, who shall die, not from his sickness, but in his hand as he would killed him, enthrone himself, and then subsequently destroyed Israel. Indeed, let us repent of our wicked hearts, and turn to our holy God. (Jeremiah 17:9-10)
3. Light (8:16-29)
And in the fifth year of Joram the son of Ahab king of Israel, Jehoshaphat being then king of Judah, Jehoram the son of Jehoshaphat king of Judah began to reign. (8:16)
Not only Jehoram, King of Judah, did evil against God, even his son, Ahaziah, who succeeded him also did evil. However, God always leave a remnant in Judah for David’s and His sake, just like He preserves us to be the lights in this dark world. (Matthew 5:16)
Prayer of the Day:
Dearest God, please help me to always be Your light who shines in this dark world.
2 Kings 5 & 6: The Iron Did Swim
Verse of the Day: (6:6) And the man of God said, Where fell it? And he shewed him the place. And he cut down a stick, and cast it in thither; and the iron did swim.
1. Servant (5:1-27)
But Gehazi, the servant of Elisha the man of God, said, Behold, my master hath spared Naaman this Syrian, in not receiving at his hands that which he brought: but, as the LORD liveth, I will run after him, and take somewhat of him. (5:20)
Captain Naaman of Syria was blessed with might and wisdom but he was a leper. One day a little maid from Israel told him that that was a prophet in Samaria who could heal him. The King of Syria then wrote to the King of Israel that he would send Naaman to him to be healed. Elisha appeared before the King of Israel and told him that he would heal Naaman. Naaman refused to heed Elisha when the latter told him to go and wash himself 7 times in Jordan River. However, after much persuasion from his servants, he washed himself 7 times, and miraculously his flesh became that of a child. He then believed that the God of Israel was the true God, and offered a reward to Elisha, but the latter refused. However Elisha’s servant, Gehazi, deceived Naaman, and told him that Elisha wanted the reward, when actually he was the one who coveted it. Alas, he became a leper. Indeed, let us flee from covetousness, and be contented in God. (1 Timothy 6:6)
2. Swim (6:1-7)
But as one was felling a beam, the axe head fell into the water: and he cried, and said, Alas, master! for it was borrowed. (6:5)
The sons of the prophets were cutting down wood to build a bigger place when one of them accidentally dropped a borrowed axe head into the water. Elisha then cut a stick and threw it where the axe head fell, and it miraculously swam and floated onto the water. Indeed, let us call upon God and He shall deliver us from all our troubles. (Psalms 50:15)
3. Son (6:8-33)
So we boiled my son, and did eat him: and I said unto her on the next day, Give thy son, that we may eat him: and she hath hid her son. (6:29)
Elisha helped the King of Israel such that they were always one step ahead of their enemy, the Syrians. The King of Syria then sent his horses and chariots to capture Elisha. However God miraculously sent multitude of horses and chariots of fire to blind them, and then led them to the King of Israel who sent them back to Syria with bread and water. King Benhadad of Syria again invaded and besieged Samaria, and this time, it resulted in a great famine that the people even resorted to eating their own sons. They then blamed Elisha for their plight. However, Elisha trusted God, and knew that He shall always answer and deliver him. Indeed, let us fully trust God, as He never fails us. (Psalms 118:8)
Prayer of the Day:
Dearest God, thank You that You can do the impossible as even the iron can swim.
2 Kings 3 & 4: The Word Of The LORD
Verse of the Day: (4:44) So he set it before them, and they did eat, and left thereof, according to the word of the LORD.
1. The Water (3:1-27)
And they rose up early in the morning, and the sun shone upon the water, and the Moabites saw the water on the other side as red as blood: (3:22)
When the 3 kings, namely King Jehoram of Israel, King Jehoshaphat of Judah and King of Edom allied themselves to fight against the King of Moab, they found themselves in the wilderness without water. They then asked Prophet Elisha as to what they must do. Elisha told them that if it was not for Jehoshaphat, he would not have helped them. Elisha then commanded them to make the valley full of ditches as the next morning God shall miraculously fill them with water after they had offered their meat offerings. When the Moabites saw the water which were as red as blood because of the reflection of the sun, they thought that the 3 kings had fought against one another, and hence they invaded their camp. However, the 3 kings completely defeated them, and chased them to their own country, and the king of Moab even offered his eldest son as a burnt offering as a sign of their submission to them. Indeed, with God we are more than conquerors. (Romans 8:37)
2. The Woman (4:1-7)
Now there cried a certain woman of the wives of the sons of the prophets unto Elisha, saying, thy servant my husband is dead; and thou knowest that thy servant did fear the LORD: and the creditor is come to take unto him my two sons to be bondmen. (4:1)
A widow cried out to Elisha to help her as her dead husband had incurred a debt and her sons were to be sold as slaves. When she told him that she only had a pot of oil, he told her to borrow all the empty vessels from her neighbours so that she would pour the oil into them. As she poured the oil, all the vessels were miraculously filled, and he told her to sell them and pay the creditors. Indeed, with God, nothing is impossible. (Luke 1:37)
3. The Word (4:8-44)
Then he returned, and walked in the house to and fro; and went up, and stretched himself upon him: and the child sneezed seven times, and the child opened his eyes. (4:35)
God rewarded a woman with a son as she had made a room for Elisha and provided bread for him whenever he passed by her place. However one day her son fell and died. God through Elisha then revived him alive. Subsequently, Elisha met the sons of the prophets whose food was contaminated. He then miraculously purified it with flour so that they could eat. Indeed, let us only trust God and His Word as they never fail us. (Psalms 119)
Prayer of the Day:
Dearest God, thank You that Your rich Word is a great comfort to my poor soul.
2 Kings 1 & 2: A Whirlwind Into Heaven
Verse of the Day: (2:11) And it came to pass, as they still went on, and talked, that, behold, there appeared a chariot of fire, and horses of fire, and parted them both asunder; and Elijah went up by a whirlwind into heaven.
1. The Word (1:1-18)
So he died according to the word of the LORD which Elijah had spoken. And Jehoram reigned in his stead, in the second year of Jehoram the son of Jehoshaphat king of Judah; because he had no son. (1:17)
God told Prophet Elijah to prophesy to King Ahaziah of Israel, that he would die because he sought to ask Baal-zebub instead of the true God concerning his injury. When Ahaziah heard that Elijah had prophesied his death, he sent his captain of 50 soldiers not once but twice to confront Elijah, and twice God sent fire to destroy them. When Ahaziah sent the 3rd captain to confront Elijah, the captain pleaded with him to spare them. Elijah then spared them and went with them to meet Ahaziah. Elijah then told Ahaziah that he had provoked God, and soon after Ahaziah died as according to God’s Word. Jehoram became the King of Israel because Ahaziah had no son, and thus fulfilled God’s prophecy that after Ahaziah, there shall be no descendant from the line of Ahab. (1 Kings 21:21)
2. The Whirlwind (2:1-15)
And it came to pass, when the LORD would take up Elijah into heaven by a whirlwind, that Elijah went with Elisha from Gilgal. (2:1)
Before God took Elijah miraculously by a whirlwind to heaven with His chariot and horses of fire, he asked Elisha, his successor, what he required from God through him. Elisha replied that he desired a double portion of Elijah’s spirit so that he would do double work than that of Elijah. Subsequently God blessed Elisha with double portion for his work for him. As Elisha began God’s work, by faith he prayed that God would part Jordan River. God miraculously parted the waters so that Elisha could walk on it dry after he had used Elijah’s mantle to strike at the the bank of Jordan. Indeed, let us seek first the kingdom of God and His righteousness, and He shall fulfil all our needs. (Matthews 6:33)
3. The Waters (2:16-25)
So the waters were healed unto this day, according to the saying of Elisha which he spake. (2:22)
The 2nd miracle was when God used Elisha to heal the contaminated waters after he had cast salt into it, so that the barren land miraculously became fertile. The 3rd miracle was when God immediately sent 2 female bears to destroy the 42 wicked and rebellious youth who had mocked at Elisha. Indeed, let us pray and commit everything to God, and He shall grant us all our needs and desires according to His perfect will. (Matthew 7:7-12)
Prayer of the Day:
Dearest God, thank You that one day I shall be promoted to glorious heaven.
1 Kings 21 & 22: A Prophet Of The LORD
Verse of the Day: (22:7) And Jehoshaphat said, Is there not here a prophet of the LORD besides, that we might enquire of him?
1. The Possession (21:1-29)
And it came to pass, when Ahab heard that Naboth was dead, that Ahab rose up to go down to the vineyard of Naboth the Jezreelite, to take possession of it. (21:16)
King Ahab of Israel coveted a vineyard next to his palace and asked Naboth the owner to sell it to him. Naboth refused to sell to Ahab as the vineyard was his inheritance from his ancestors. However, Queen Jezebel when she heard it, commanded her men to stone Naboth to death by falsely accusing him of blaspheming God in breaking a fast. Jezebel then possessed his vineyard. However, God is not mocked, and He commanded Elijah to prophesy His judgment upon the evil of both Ahab and Jezebel, that one day, the place where the dogs licked Ahab’s blood, shall be the place where they licked Naboth’s blood, and that the dogs also shall eat Jezebel’s corpse. Indeed, let us flee from wickedness, and pray for our spouse that together we can love and serve God, as He had intended for us in the beginning of time when He created the first couple, Adam and Eve. (Genesis 2:20-25)
2. The Prophet (22:1-50)
And a certain man drew a bow at a venture, and smote the king of Israel between the joints of the harness: wherefore he said unto the driver of his chariot, Turn thine hand, and carry me out of the host; for I am wounded. (22:34)
Ahab invited King Jehoshaphat of Judah to join forces with him to fight against Syria and reclaimed Ramoth-gilead from them. Ahab then asked God through his 400 false prophets who only prophesied what Ahab desired to hear that they would prevail against Syria. Jehoshaphat requested Ahab to engage Prophet Micaiah who only spoke God’s truth. Micaiah prophesied that Syria would defeat them, and Zedekiah, Ahab’s false prophet, then slapped him and threw him into prison. Nevertheless both kings refused to listen to Micaiah’s prophesy. Ahab then disguised himself thinking that he would be safe in the battle, however a random arrow hit him, and eventually he died. Dogs came licking his blood thus fulfilling God’s prophecy. Indeed, let us fully submit to God and His perfect will and do what is right before Him, as His will is the best for us. (Luke 22:39-46)
3. The Provocation (22:51-53)
For he served Baal, and worshipped him, and provoked to anger the LORD God of Israel, according to all that his father had done. (22:53)
All the kings of Israel including Ahaziah, Ahab’s son, provoked and sinned against God thus reaping condemnation in fiery hell. Let us hence repent our sins, and believe in Jesus, and receive His great gift of eternal life to be with Him in glorious heaven. (Romans 6:23)
Prayer of the Day:
Dearest God, please help me to submit to Your Prophet, Jesus, and His perfect will.
1 Kings 19 & 20: God Of Hills And Plains
Verse of the Day: (20:23) And the servants of the king of Syria said unto him, Their gods are gods of the hills; therefore they were stronger than we; but let us fight against them in the plain, and surely we shall be stronger than they.
1. The Plowing (19:1-21)
So he departed thence, and found Elisha the son of Shaphat, who was plowing with twelve yoke of oxen before him, and he with the twelfth: and Elijah passed by him, and cast his mantle upon him. (19:19)
When wicked Queen Jezebel commanded her men to kill Prophet Elijah, the latter ran away from her and then suffered depression. God sent His angel twice to encourage and feed him. Though a great wind, an earthquake and a fire passed by him, but it was the still small voice that he heard God spoke to him. God encouraged him and told him that he was not alone as He had 7,000 men who had never bowed to Baal. God then used him to anoint Hazael to be king over Syria, and Jehu to be the king over Israel, as well as Elisha to be his successor. Elijah would have thought that his successor would be another prophet, but never a busy farmer like Elisha plowing his land. Elisha obeyed God’s call, and forsook all and followed him. Indeed, God only bless those who are busy in their work and ministry for His glory as idle minds are the devil’s workshop. (Proverbs 31)
2. The Prophet (20:1-21)
And, behold, there came a prophet unto Ahab king of Israel, saying, Thus saith the LORD, Hast thou seen all this great multitude? behold, I will deliver it into thine hand this day; and thou shalt know that I am the LORD. (20:13)
God sent His prophet to tell Ahab that he would have victory over Benhadad, King of Syria, though Ahab was the most wicked of all the kings of Israel, and the army of Syria outnumbered that of Israel, because He desired that all should repent their sins, and believe in Him, the God of Israel, who is the true God. However, Israel many times failed God, and this was why He sent His Son to not only die for the sins of the world, but to build His church to replace Israel in sharing His great love for the world. (Matthew 16:18)
3. The Plain (20:22-43)
And the children of Israel were numbered, and were all present, and went against them: and the children of Israel pitched before them like two little flocks of kids; but the Syrians filled the country. (20:27)
The army of Syria thought that the God of Israel was only the God of the hills, so they fought with them over the plains. However they were still soundly defeated, as they failed to realise that the God of Israel was the true God. Indeed, let us know that we can do all things through Jesus Christ, the Son of God, who shall strengthen us. (Philippians 4:13)
Prayer of the Day:
Dearest God, thank You that You are the God of hills and plains and everything.